In-f-Organic Chemistry

What is it? Penguinone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H14O. It's name comes from the fact that it's 2-dimensional molecular structure resembles a penguin. The systematic name of the molecule is 3,4,4,5-tetramethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone. Properties Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3 Boiling Point: 215.0±30.0 °C (at 760 mmHg) Vapour Pressure: 0.2±0.4 mmHg at 25°C Enthalpy of Vaporization: 45.1±3.0 kJ/molFlash Point: 79.1±19.5 °C Index Of Refraction: 1.470 Polarizability: 18.1cm3 H- NMR spectrume of Penguinone References: wikipedia.com ~ chemspider.com ~ nmrdb.org

What is it? A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its foodsource. Etymology The terms "mushroom" and "toadstool" go back centuries and were never precisely defined, nor was there consensus on application. The toadstool's connection to toads may be direct, in reference to some species of poisonous toad, or may just be a case of phonosemantic matching from the German word. However, delineation between edible and poisonous fungi is not clear-cut, so a "mushroom" may be edible, poisonous, or unpalatable. The term "toadstool" is nowadays used in storytelling when referring to poisonous or suspect mushrooms. Edible Mushrooms Mushrooms are used extensively in cooking, in many cuisines (notably Chinese, Korean, European, and Japanese). Though neither meat nor vegetable, mushrooms are known as the "meat" of the vegetable world. T...

What's new? Chinese chemists  have designed an organic polymer that is green in the reduced state but oxidises and turns a sandy-brown when a low voltage is applied. The change is reversible, and the polymer maintains its activity after 1000 repetitions. Properties of the polymer The alkoxy side chains of our polymer play an important role fine tuning the colors. The polymer takes 1–1.5 seconds to change colour and maintains its activity after 1000 repetitions. The polymer also absorbs IR radiation, so could conceal body heat too, and it is super-hydrophobic so would not wash out of clothing. Application ----> Clothing The team used conductive fabric as an electrode to confirm the polymers application in clothing. To make it, they sprayed the conductive fabric with a mixture of the polymer and toluene. Estimation The industrial interest in such products could be relatively high, and not just restricted to the military sector. The structure of t...

What is it? Ethylenediamine is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a strongly basic amine. Synthesis Ethylenediamine is manufactured industrially from 1,2-dichloroethane and ammonia under pressure at 180 °C in an aqueous medium. Another industrial route to ethylenediamine involves the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia. Properties Preferred IUPAC name: Ethane-1,2-diamine Abbreviations: en Chemical formula: C2H8N2 Molar mass: 60.10 g·mol−1 Appearance: Colorless liquid Odor: Ammoniacal Density: 0.90 g/cm Melting point: 8 °C Boiling point 116 °C (389 K) Solubility in water: miscible Vapor pressure: 1.3 kPa (at 20 °C) Specific heat capacity (C): 172.59 J K−1 mol−1 Coordination Chemistry Ethylenediamine is a well-known chelating ligand for coordination compounds. It is often abbreviated "en" in inorganic chemistry. The complex [Co(ethylened...

What is it? Potassium iodide is a white salt and the most commercially significant iodide compound. Where is it found? Potassium iodide occurs naturally in kelp . ( Kelp's iodide content can range from 89 mg/kg to 8165 mg/kg.) Properties Molar mass: 166.0028 g/mol Appearance: white crystalline solid Density: 3.123 g/cm^3 Melting Point: 681 °C Boiling Point: 1330 °C Solubility in water: 140 g/100 mL (20 °C) Crystal Structure: cubic Uses Potassium iodide medical uses thyroid blockade   Potassium iodide (KI) is a salt of stable (not radioactive) iodine that can help block radioactive iodine from being absorbed by the thyroid gland, thus protecting this gland from radiation injury. thyroid storm   Thyroid storm is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis characterized by rapid and often irregular heart beat, high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, and mental agitation. Even with treatment, death occurs in 20% to 50%. and also as an expector...

What is it? Onion is a vegetable and the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium . Nutrients and phytochemicals Most onion cultivars are about 89% water, 4% sugar, 1% protein, 2% fibre, and 0.1% fat. Onions contain phytochemical compounds such as phenolics that are under basic research to determine their possible properties in humans. What causes their odour? Thiosulfinate: Allicin Thiosulfinates are the primary flavour and odour producing molecules in an onion. Allyl methyl sulfide If the onion is ingested, thiosulfinates are eventually broken down into allyl methyl sulfide, shown below, which can be removed from the body by exhalation – giving rise to the characteristic ‘onion breath’. Why chopping onions will make your eyes water? syn -propanethial-S-oxide Interestingly, none of the compounds that cause these effects are present in the intact onion; rather, when the cell walls of the onion are damaged by chopping, an enzyme released ...

What is it? Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Name The word "Emerald" is derived, from Vulgar Latin: Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a variant of Latin Smaragdus, which originated in Greek: σμάραγδος (smaragdos; "green gem"). Grading Emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using four basic parameters: Color:  Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Clarity: Emerald tends to have numerous inclusions and surface breaking fissures. Their clarity is graded by eye. Cut Carat weight color is by far the most important criterion. Properties Formula: Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Molecular Mass: 537.50 Density: 2.67 to 2.78 Hardness: 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale Crystal symmetry: Dihexagonal Dipyramidal Color: Green shades to colorless Where is it found? The principal Emerald dep...