In-f-Organic Chemistry

What is Niobium? A lump of gray shining crystals with hexagonal facetting Niobium is the chemical element with atomic number 41, it belongs in the d-block at the fisth group of periodic table. It is a soft, grey, crystalline, ductile transition metal. About the name It was formerly known as columbium because it was discovered by English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801, in a mineral. So he named the mineral columbite and the element columbium, after Columbia. But the columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum. When scientist studied columbiun were confused over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. So they decided to name every new substance they found in columbite or tantalite after Tantalus childen and family. The claimed new elements niobium, pelopium, ilmenium, and dianium were in fact identical to each other or mixtures of the new element with tantalum. So they kept t...

What is it? Ethylenediamine is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a strongly basic amine. Synthesis Ethylenediamine is manufactured industrially from 1,2-dichloroethane and ammonia under pressure at 180 °C in an aqueous medium. Another industrial route to ethylenediamine involves the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia. Properties Preferred IUPAC name: Ethane-1,2-diamine Abbreviations: en Chemical formula: C2H8N2 Molar mass: 60.10 g·mol−1 Appearance: Colorless liquid Odor: Ammoniacal Density: 0.90 g/cm Melting point: 8 °C Boiling point 116 °C (389 K) Solubility in water: miscible Vapor pressure: 1.3 kPa (at 20 °C) Specific heat capacity (C): 172.59 J K−1 mol−1 Coordination Chemistry Ethylenediamine is a well-known chelating ligand for coordination compounds. It is often abbreviated "en" in inorganic chemistry. The complex [Co(ethylened...

What is it? Potassium iodide is a white salt and the most commercially significant iodide compound. Where is it found? Potassium iodide occurs naturally in kelp . ( Kelp's iodide content can range from 89 mg/kg to 8165 mg/kg.) Properties Molar mass: 166.0028 g/mol Appearance: white crystalline solid Density: 3.123 g/cm^3 Melting Point: 681 °C Boiling Point: 1330 °C Solubility in water: 140 g/100 mL (20 °C) Crystal Structure: cubic Uses Potassium iodide medical uses thyroid blockade   Potassium iodide (KI) is a salt of stable (not radioactive) iodine that can help block radioactive iodine from being absorbed by the thyroid gland, thus protecting this gland from radiation injury. thyroid storm   Thyroid storm is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis characterized by rapid and often irregular heart beat, high temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, and mental agitation. Even with treatment, death occurs in 20% to 50%. and also as an expector...

What is it? Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Name The word "Emerald" is derived, from Vulgar Latin: Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a variant of Latin Smaragdus, which originated in Greek: σμάραγδος (smaragdos; "green gem"). Grading Emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using four basic parameters: Color:  Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Clarity: Emerald tends to have numerous inclusions and surface breaking fissures. Their clarity is graded by eye. Cut Carat weight color is by far the most important criterion. Properties Formula: Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Molecular Mass: 537.50 Density: 2.67 to 2.78 Hardness: 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale Crystal symmetry: Dihexagonal Dipyramidal Color: Green shades to colorless Where is it found? The principal Emerald dep...

What is it? A buffer solution  is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. Function Its pH changes very little when a small or moderate amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent changes in the pH of a solution. Use Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range so they utilize a buffer solution to maintain a constant pH. Applications Buffer solutions are used... to keep the correct pH for enzymes in many organisms to work. to maintain a pH between 7.35 and 7.45 in blood plasma ( bicarbonate buffering system ). in fermentation processes and in setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics. in chemical analysis and calibration of pH meters. in creation of the majority of biological samples that are used in research. Adjustment For buffers in acid regions, the pH may be adjusted to a desired value by adding a strong acid su...

A tomic-scale honeycomb lattice  made of  carbon  atoms What is it? It is a thin layer of pure carbon. A single, tightly packed layer of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Properties It’s one atom thick, stronger than steel, harder than diamond, nearly transparent, and one of the most conductive materials on earth. Graphene's electrons In ordinary, three-dimensional metals, electrons hardly interact with each other. But graphene’s two-dimensional, honeycomb structure acts like an electron superhighway in which all the particles have to travel in the same lane. The electrons in graphene act like massless relativistic objects, some with positive charge and some with negative charge. Behaviour When the strongly interacting particles in graphene were driven by an electric field, they behaved not like individual particles but like a fluid that could be described by hydrodynamics. Graphene is a metal that behaves like w...