In-f-Organic Chemistry

What is Helonium? Credit: Mondolithic studios Helonium or Helium hydride is a molecular ion consisting of a helium atom and a hydrogen ion (HeH + ) and it is considered to be the first molecule of the universe. It is viewed as a protonated helium and it is the lightest heteronuclear ion. Discovery Helonium was first produced in the laboratory in Berkeley in 1925, under vacuum conditions with the aid of electricity by injecting protons of known energy into a rarefied mixture of hydrogen and helium. Although it is stable in isolation, it cannot be prepared in bulk because it is extremely reactive. Properties It is the strongest known acid with pKa -63 (for comparison hydrochloric acid pKa is -6.3) It is isoelectronic with molecular hydrogen H2 Its covalent bond is dative with a length of 0.772 A 80% of the electron charge is closer to the helium nucleus than to the hydrogen nucleus Unlike the helium hydride ion, the neutral helium hydride molecule HeH is not stable in the ground state De...

What is it? It is a graphite screen-printed electrode coupled with a screen-printed bonded magnet (NdFeB particles dispersed in a thixotropic carbon ink) with 3 mm ∅, 56 ± 6 μm thickness. Scope The magnetic screen-printed electrode is a compact, portable, cheap, and disposable alternative to various accessories have been developed aiming to attract MNPs on the electrode surface, such as magnetic electrode shafts, electrochemical cells integrating (electro)magnets, magnetic stickers, etc. Investigation In the study parameters as the composition of the NdFeB/ink blend, the thickness and the pattern (compact or hole-engraved) of the printed magnet, and the thickness of the substrate were investigated by both experimental and theoretical studies. Results The performance is enhanced if a void round area is created in the center of the magnet to introduce a further area of strong field gradient. This pattern allows the development of stronger attracting forces to MNPs, higher MNPs loading, a...

What is it? Riboflavin is the well known Vitamin B2, it can be found in food and used as a dietary supplement. It is a water-soluble yellow compound that used to be called lactochrome or Vitamin G. It was discovered in 1920, isolated un 1933 and first made in 1935. It can be synthesized by plants, yeasts, and procaryotic cells, while mammals can obtain it by consuming plant-based foods. Chemical Structure The name "Riboflavin" comes from ribose (the sugar whose reduced form, ribitol, appears in structure) and flavus which means yellow in Latin, because of the ring-moiety (Isoalloxazine ring) which imparts the yellow color to the oxidized molecule. The isoalloxazine ring is a focal point for electron transfers, which allow riboflavin to take its three redox forms (fully oxidized/quinone, one-electron reduced/semi-quinone and two electrons reduced/hydroquinone). Additionally, riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleot...

What is Niobium? A lump of gray shining crystals with hexagonal facetting Niobium is the chemical element with atomic number 41, it belongs in the d-block at the fisth group of periodic table. It is a soft, grey, crystalline, ductile transition metal. About the name It was formerly known as columbium because it was discovered by English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801, in a mineral. So he named the mineral columbite and the element columbium, after Columbia. But the columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum. When scientist studied columbiun were confused over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. So they decided to name every new substance they found in columbite or tantalite after Tantalus childen and family. The claimed new elements niobium, pelopium, ilmenium, and dianium were in fact identical to each other or mixtures of the new element with tantalum. So they kept t...

What is Quercetin? Quercetin is a plant polyphenol from group of flavonoids, specifically is a flavonol. Its name has been used since 1857, and is derived from quercetum (oak forest). It has a bitter flavor and it's used for supplement, beveraged or foods. Properties Quercetin it is well known for its antioxidant activity due to its ability to scavenge free radicals. It consider to be the most potent scavenger of ROS. These properties make quercetin a good lipid peroxidation inhibitor, this type of peroxidation can create deleterious effects throughout the body, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, quercetin does not only stop the propagation of lipid peroxidation, but also increases glutathione levels. By scavenging free radicals quercetin can also reduce inflammation, and protect cells suffering oxidative stress. What is so special about it? According to Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) three structural features are e...

What is it? Apricot seeds called otherwise apricot kernels look similar in appearance to a small almond. Fresh apricot kernels are white and their skin becomes light brown when dried out. They contain protein, fiber, and a high percentage of oil, which can be extracted from them. Oil pressed from the sweet kernel can be used for cooking in the same way as sweet almond oil. The kernels themselves are used in processed foods such as amaretto biscuits, almond finger biscuits, and apricot jams. Oil and kernels from the bitter variety of apricot kernel are often used in cosmetics in body oil, face cream, lip balm, and essential oil. Nutritions: 50% Oil   ~   25% Protein   ~   8% Carbohydrates Apricot kernel oil is high in essential fatty acids. These fatty acids are essential to human health, but the human body is unable to produce them, so they must be taken in through diet. There are two main types of essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (omega-6) an...

"Plastic made from milk" —that certainly sounds like something made-up. If you agree, you may be surprised to learn that in the early 20th century, milk was used to make many different plastic ornaments —including jewelry for Queen Mary of England!         Plastic from milk    ~    Casein Plastic    ~    Galalith What is it Galalith? Galalith (Erinoid in the United Kingdom) is a synthetic plastic material manufactured by the interaction of casein and formaldehyde. Given a commercial name derived from the Greek words gala (milk) and lithos (stone), it is odourless, insoluble in water, biodegradable, antiallergenic, antistatic and virtually nonflammable. What is Casein? Casein is the name for a family of related phosphoproteins. These proteins are commonly found in mammalian milk, making up 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 45% of the proteins in human milk. Casei...

What is nanostructures and basics informations about  nanotechnology Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.  Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.  In describing nanostructures, it is necessary to differentiate between the numbe...

What is it? The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a commercially important plant species of the diverse spurge family.It's a shrub or small tree, typically reaching a height of 0.6–4 metres. The plant bears dark green dentate leaves. The colored bracts—which are most often flaming red but can be orange, pale green, cream, pink, white, or marbled—are often mistaken for flower petals because of their groupings and colors, but are actually leaves. Although poinsettias are perennials in warmer climates, most people are likely to see them used as a decorative houseplant over the winter holidays. History The plant's association with Christmas began in 16th-century Mexico, where legend tells of a girl, commonly called Pepita or Maria, who was too poor to provide a gift for the celebration of Jesus' birthday and was inspired by an angel to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar. The star-shaped leaf pattern is said to symbolize ...

What is it? Ninhydrin is a chemical used to detect ammonia or primary and secondary amines. When reacting with these free amines, a deep blue or purple color known as Ruhemann's purple is produced Uses Ninhydrin can be used in analysis of solution that contain amino acids or ammonium ions. Most of the amino acids (except proline) are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin, producing a deep purple color known as Ruhemann's purple. In protein analysis thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ninhydrin are combined to separate and detect the protein's amino acids. A solution suspected of containing the ammonium ion, can be tested by dotting it onto a solid support (silica gel) and treated with ninhydrin, a purple color can confirm the existence of ammonium ions in the solution. A ninhydrin solution is commonly used by forensic investigators in the analysis of latent fingerprints, on porous surfaces such as paper. Properties It is a white solid which is soluble in e...

About chocolate... Chocolate is a typically sweet, usually brown, food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground, often flavored, as with vanilla. It is made in the form of a liquid, paste, or in a block, or used as a flavoring ingredient in other foods. Chocolate has become one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, A 100 gram serving of milk chocolate supplies 540 calories. It is 59% carbohydrates (52% as sugar and 3% as dietary fiber), 30% fat and 8% protein (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is saturated, composed mainly of palmitic acid and stearic acid, while the predominant unsaturated fat is oleic acid (table). Chocolate also contain theobromine, which is toxic to some animals and unable to metabolize it. What's new? Scientists can reduce the fat in chocolate by 20%  by passing it through an electric field. Chocolate manufacturers have never quite found a way to make low-fat chocolate and it's n...

What is it? Penguinone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H14O. It's name comes from the fact that it's 2-dimensional molecular structure resembles a penguin. The systematic name of the molecule is 3,4,4,5-tetramethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone. Properties Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3 Boiling Point: 215.0±30.0 °C (at 760 mmHg) Vapour Pressure: 0.2±0.4 mmHg at 25°C Enthalpy of Vaporization: 45.1±3.0 kJ/molFlash Point: 79.1±19.5 °C Index Of Refraction: 1.470 Polarizability: 18.1cm3 H- NMR spectrume of Penguinone References: wikipedia.com ~ chemspider.com ~ nmrdb.org

What is it? A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its foodsource. Etymology The terms "mushroom" and "toadstool" go back centuries and were never precisely defined, nor was there consensus on application. The toadstool's connection to toads may be direct, in reference to some species of poisonous toad, or may just be a case of phonosemantic matching from the German word. However, delineation between edible and poisonous fungi is not clear-cut, so a "mushroom" may be edible, poisonous, or unpalatable. The term "toadstool" is nowadays used in storytelling when referring to poisonous or suspect mushrooms. Edible Mushrooms Mushrooms are used extensively in cooking, in many cuisines (notably Chinese, Korean, European, and Japanese). Though neither meat nor vegetable, mushrooms are known as the "meat" of the vegetable world. T...

What is it? Ethylenediamine is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a strongly basic amine. Synthesis Ethylenediamine is manufactured industrially from 1,2-dichloroethane and ammonia under pressure at 180 °C in an aqueous medium. Another industrial route to ethylenediamine involves the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia. Properties Preferred IUPAC name: Ethane-1,2-diamine Abbreviations: en Chemical formula: C2H8N2 Molar mass: 60.10 g·mol−1 Appearance: Colorless liquid Odor: Ammoniacal Density: 0.90 g/cm Melting point: 8 °C Boiling point 116 °C (389 K) Solubility in water: miscible Vapor pressure: 1.3 kPa (at 20 °C) Specific heat capacity (C): 172.59 J K−1 mol−1 Coordination Chemistry Ethylenediamine is a well-known chelating ligand for coordination compounds. It is often abbreviated "en" in inorganic chemistry. The complex [Co(ethylened...